Four solutions, some can with a bit of luck be done in situ.
1) If there is sufficient stud standing proud, weld a nut on it, the direct heat on the stud usually helps as well.
2) Flush with the head, drill and use a stud extractor, either the tapered left hand thread type or the spline type, used with care as mentioned above, but if it is well and truly rusted in it may not shift.
3) Drill out and tap to the next size up space permitting.
4) Expensive but sometimes a life saver when used by a skilled operator.......spark erosion.
To prevent a reoccurrence, use stainless or brass nuts and some high temp ceramic anti-seize compound.
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Common sense isn't a gift, it's a punishment because you have to deal with everyone who doesn't have it.
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