I've now got the original barrel back in. It took 40 minutes and over ten attempts.
Here's what I've learnt (and haven't learnt).
Releasing barrel from steering column
The barrel is held in place by the spring-loaded locking arm which locates in a groove running round the inside of the column socket. (NB. This groove is not visible in any of my pics). When the ignition key is at position 1, the paperclip lines up with the hole in the locking arm - the arm retracts as the clip slides into the hole. Once the arm is clear of the groove the barrel can be withdrawn from the column.
Refitting barrel to steering column
This is what I did and it eventually worked.
Using a flat screwdriver turn the rectangular hole in the centre of the column socket anti-clockwise as far as it will go. Make a mental note of the angle of the hole.
This is the steering lock ring - it's spring-loaded. Push it towards the centre of the car with a screwdriver and turn the steering wheel until the steering lock is
off - the ring will not spring outwards again.
Take the ignition key out of the barrel. Push the white plunger back into the barrel until it locks and doesn't spring out again.
Offer the barrel up to the column and rotate until the raised section (1st pic below) lines up with the 'keyway' in the socket (2nd pic below).
Without changing the barrel position, rotate the transponder ring so that the connector is in between these two lugs (3rd pic below).
Push the barrel into the socket making sure the arm retracts as the barrel goes in (the arm may need helping with a flat screwdriver) - keep pushing the barrel with one hand.
This is the tricky bit. With the other hand put the ignition key in and turn slowly until you feel the rectangular protrusion (arrowed below) line up with the rectangular hole in the column socket. As soon as the two are in line the barrel will go all the way in and the locking arm will spring out into the groove - the barrel is now locked in.
What I haven't learnt
1. Why the key jammed up in the first place.
2. Where has the keyhole dust cover gone.
3. Whether this barrel is faulty or not.
4. Whether this barrel can be trusted - i.e. will the steering lock come on when it shouldn't and/or will the key jam up again.